Health officials are launching a vaccination programme targeting one million teenagers and young adults in response to concerns over the number of meningitis B infections. The initiative aims to shield those considered to be at the “highest immediate risk” from a disease that can become life-threatening. Meningococcal disease, which includes meningitis and blood poisoning, remains a serious public health concern, particularly among younger age groups.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. While it can strike anyone, it is most frequently seen in babies, young children, teenagers, and young adults. Tests can determine whether the cause is bacterial or viral. Bacterial meningitis is less common but far more dangerous than the viral form, potentially leading to sepsis and lasting brain damage. In the UK, meningococcal group B, or MenB, accounts for most cases of severe meningococcal disease. Official figures recorded 378 cases of invasive meningococcal disease in 2024-2025.
The symptoms of meningitis can appear suddenly and include a rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass, a high fever, severe and worsening headache, stiff neck, vomiting and diarrhoea, joint and muscle pain, sensitivity to bright lights, very cold hands and feet, seizures, confusion, and extreme sleepiness. Because the early signs can resemble other illnesses, prompt recognition is critical.
Several vaccines offer protection against the main causes of meningitis. The MenACWY vaccine covers four meningococcal groups and is offered to teenagers at 14, with free catch-up available until the 25th birthday. The MenB vaccine is recommended for infants at eight and twelve weeks, followed by a booster at one year. Other childhood immunisations, such as the six-in-one, pneumococcal, and MMRV vaccines, also help guard against infections that can lead to meningitis. The vaccines contain no live bacteria and cannot cause the illness.
The MenB vaccine was added to the UK childhood schedule for babies born on or after 1 July 2015, which means most teenagers and young adults never received it. Research indicates the vaccine does not reliably prevent transmission, does not cover all B strains, and offers limited long-term protection. Nevertheless, UK vaccine experts have suggested that routine MenB vaccination for teenagers around age 15 should be considered. As an immediate step, a one-off targeted programme will offer two free doses this summer to all Year 13 pupils and anyone under 25 starting university or a residential further education course this autumn.
Meningococcal bacteria can be carried in the nose or throat without causing illness, and carriers can spread the infection through coughs, sneezes, kissing, or sharing vapes and drinks. Close personal contact is required for transmission, and outbreaks are rare but can occur in settings such as university campuses. Antibiotics are given to close contacts to help stop spread, and vaccination offers future protection. Anyone experiencing symptoms of meningitis or sepsis should seek urgent medical care immediately, as early treatment can be lifesaving.